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Abstract:

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer an efficient, inexpensive alternative to current photovoltaic technologies, with the potential for manufacture via high-throughput coating methods. However, challenges for commercial-scale solution-processing of metal-halide perovskites include the use of harmful solvents, the expense of maintaining controlled atmospheric conditions, and the inherent instabilities of PSCs under operation. Here, we address these challenges by introducing a high volatility, low toxicity, biorenewable solvent system to fabricate a range of 2D perovskites, which we use as highly effective precursor phases for subsequent transformation to α-formamidinium lead triiodide (α-FAPbI3), fully processed under ambient conditions. PSCs utilising our α-FAPbI3 reproducibly show remarkable stability under illumination and elevated temperature (ISOS-L-2) and “damp heat” (ISOS-D-3) stressing, surpassing other state-of-the-art perovskite compositions. We determine that this enhancement is a consequence of the 2D precursor phase crystallisation route, which simultaneously avoids retention of residual low-volatility solvents (such as DMF and DMSO) and reduces the rate of degradation of FA+ in the material. Our findings highlight both the critical role of the initial crystallisation process in determining the operational stability of perovskite materials, and that neat FA+-based perovskites can be competitively stable despite the inherent metastability of the α-phase.

Abstract:

The stability of perovskite‐based tandem solar cells (TSCs) is the last major scientific/technical challenge to be overcome before commercialization. Understanding the impact of mobile ions on the TSC performance is key to minimizing degradation. Here, a comprehensive study that combines an experimental analysis of ionic losses in Si/perovskite and all‐perovskite TSCs using scan‐rate‐dependent current–voltage (J–V) measurements with drift‐diffusion simulations is presented. The findings demonstrate that mobile ions have a significant influence on the tandem cell performance lowering the ion‐freeze power conversion efficiency from >31% for Si/perovskite and >30% for all‐perovskite tandems to ≈28% in steady‐state. Moreover, the ions cause a substantial hysteresis in Si/perovskite TSCs at high scan speeds (400 s−1), and significantly influence the performance degradation of both devices through internal field screening. Additionally, for all‐perovskite tandems, subcell‐dominated J–V characterization reveals more pronounced ionic losses in the wide‐bandgap subcell during aging, which is attributed to its tendency for halide segregation. This work provides valuable insights into ionic losses in perovskite‐based TSCs which helps to separate ion migration‐related degradation modes from other degradation mechanisms and guides targeted interventions for enhanced subcell efficiency and stability.

Abstract:

Hybrid halide perovskites (HHPs) have revolutionized the field of solar cells due to their low cost, solution-processable synthesis, and exceptional device performance. Although lead (Pb)-based perovskites are currently the most efficient, their application in indoor photovoltaics and wearable electronics is limited by lead’s toxicity. This has intensified the search for Pb-free alternatives, particularly for use in portable electronic devices. In this study, we utilized a vapor-assisted solution process to systematically engineer the composition of bismuth-based perovskite-inspired materials (PIMs) through indium doping, forming homogeneous and pinhole-free (CH3NH3)3Bi2–x In x I9 (Bi–In) films. These bimetallic Bi–In perovskites exhibit enhanced properties, including high recombination resistance, reduced low-frequency capacitance, lower defect density, and minimal microstrain. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows significantly reduced ion migration in Bi–In compositions compared with pure bismuth-based counterparts. The optimized Bi–In-based solar cells achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.5% under outdoor illumination and 5.9% under indoor lighting, showcasing their potential as promising lead-free alternatives for photovoltaic applications.