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Abstract:

We present a new stellar-dynamical measurement of the supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 4258 (M106), a critical benchmark for extragalactic mass measurements. We use archival James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) integral field unit data (G235H/F170LP grating) to extract high-resolution two-dimensional stellar kinematics from the CO bandhead absorption features within the central 3″ × 3″. We extract the stellar kinematics after correcting for instrumental artifacts and separating the stellar light from the nonthermal active galactic nucleus (AGN) continuum. We employ Jeans anisotropic models to fit the observed kinematics, exploring a grid of 12 models to systematically test the impact of different assumptions for the point-spread function, stellar mass-to-light ratio profile, and orbital anisotropy. All 12 models provide broadly acceptable fits, albeit with minor differences. The ensemble median and 68% (1σ) bootstrap confidence interval of our 12 models yield a black hole mass of MBH=(4.08−0.33+0.19)×107 M⊙. This paper showcases the utility of using the full model ensemble to robustly account for systematic uncertainties, rather than relying on formal errors from a single preferred model, as has been common practice. Our result is just 5% larger than, and consistent with, the benchmark SMBH mass derived from water-maser dynamics, validating the use of NIRSpec stellar kinematics for robust SMBH mass determination. Our analysis demonstrates JWST’s ability to resolve the SMBH’s sphere of influence and deliver precise dynamical masses, even in the presence of significant AGN continuum emission.

Abstract:

Plain Language Summary: In hot and wet “hothouse” climate conditions, rainfall transitions from a pattern that fluctuates from about a mean of 3 mm day − 1 ${\text{day}}^{-1}$ to more intense outbursts that are separated by multi‐day dry spells. Previous studies on hothouse climates did not consider the role of the diurnal cycle even though it strongly controls precipitation in Earth's current climate. This study uses radiative‐convective equilibrium simulations to investigate the impact of rising temperatures on the transition to hothouse conditions, incorporating the diurnal cycle with both swamp‐like and open ocean surface conditions. We find that episodic precipitation occurs at surface temperatures above 322 K even when accounting for the diurnal cycle. However, the diurnal cycle significantly influences the timing of convection and rainfall at high temperatures with precipitation primarily starting late at night or in the early morning.

Abstract:

Recent James Webb Space Telescope observations of cool, rocky exoplanets reveal a probable lack of thick atmospheres, suggesting the prevalent escape of the “secondary” atmospheres formed after losing primordial hydrogen. Yet, simulations indicate that the hydrodynamic escape of secondary atmospheres, composed of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, requires intense fluxes of ionizing radiation (X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV)) to overcome the effects of high molecular weight and efficient line cooling. This transonic outflow of hot, ionized metals (not hydrogen) presents a novel astrophysical regime ripe for exploration. We introduce an analytic framework to determine which planets retain or lose their atmospheres, positioning them on either side of the cosmic shoreline. We model the radial structure of escaping atmospheres as polytropic expansions—power-law relationships between density and temperature driven by local XUV heating. Our approach diagnoses line cooling with a three-level atom model and incorporates how ion–electron interactions reduce the mean molecular weight. Crucially, hydrodynamic escape onsets for a threshold XUV flux depend upon the atmosphere’s gravitational binding. The ensuing escape rates either scale linearly with XUV flux when weakly ionized (energy limited) or are controlled by a collisional–radiative thermostat when strongly ionized. Thus, airlessness is determined by whether the XUV flux surpasses the critical threshold during the star’s active periods, accounting for expendable primordial hydrogen and revival by volcanism. We explore atmospheric escape from the young Sun Mars and Earth, LHS 1140 b and c, and TRAPPIST-1 b. Our modeling characterizes the bottleneck of atmospheric loss on the occurrence of observable Earth-like habitats and offers analytic tools for future studies.

Abstract:

The radii of small exoplanets form two populations, super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, separated by a gap known as the radius valley. This could be produced by the removal of some atmospheres by stellar or internal heating, or the lack of an initial envelope. We use transit photometry and radial velocity measurements to detect and characterize four exoplanets orbiting LHS 1903, a red dwarf star in the Milky Way's thick disk. The planets have orbital periods from 2.2 to 29.3 days, and span the radius valley within a single planetary system. The derived densities indicate that LHS 1903 b is rocky, while LHS 1903 c and LHS 1903 d have extended atmospheres. The most distant planet from the host star, LHS 1903 e, has no gaseous envelope, indicating it formed from gas-depleted material.