Prof Subir Sarkar: Publications

IceCube

IceCube at Oxford

I am a member since 2004 of the IceCube collaboration which discovered cosmic high energy neutrinos and identified some of their astrophysical sources.

IceCube @ Oxford

Prospects for dark matter observations in dwarf spheroidal galaxies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Oxford University Press 544:3 (2025) 2946-2986

Authors:

Abstract:

The dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) orbiting the Milky Way are widely regarded as systems supported by velocity dispersion against self-gravity, and as prime targets for the search for indirect dark matter (DM) signatures in the GeV-to-TeV -ray range owing to their lack of astrophysical -ray background. We present forecasts of the sensitivity of the forthcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) to annihilating or decaying DM signals in these targets. An original selection of candidates is performed from the current catalogue of known objects, including both classical and ultrafaint dSphs. For each, the expected DM content is derived using the most comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic data available, within a consistent framework of analysis. This approach enables the derivation of novel astrophysical factor profiles for indirect DM searches, which are compared with results from the literature. From an initial sample of 64 dSphs, eight promising targets are identified – Draco I, Coma Berenices, Ursa Major II, Ursa Minor, and Willman 1 in the North, Reticulum II, Sculptor, and Sagittarius II in the South – for which different DM density models yield consistent expectations, leading to robust predictions. CTAO is expected to provide the strongest limits above 10 TeV, reaching velocity-averaged annihilation cross sections of cm s and decay lifetimes up to s for combined limits. The dominant uncertainties arise from the imprecise determination of the DM content, particularly for ultrafaint dSphs. Observation strategies are proposed that optimize either deep exposures of the best candidates or diversified target selections.

Evidence for Neutrino Emission from X-ray Bright Active Galactic Nuclei with IceCube

(2025)

Authors:

R Abbasi, M Ackermann, J Adams, SK Agarwalla, JA Aguilar, M Ahlers, JM Alameddine, S Ali, NM Amin, K Andeen, C ArgÃ¼elles, Y Ashida, S Athanasiadou, SN Axani, R Babu, X Bai, J Baines-Holmes, A Balagopal V., SW Barwick, S Bash, V Basu, R Bay, JJ Beatty, J Becker Tjus, P Behrens, J Beise, C Bellenghi, B Benkel, S BenZvi, D Berley, E Bernardini, DZ Besson, E Blaufuss, L Bloom, S Blot, I Bodo, F Bontempo, JY Book Motzkin, C Boscolo Meneguolo, S BÃ¶ser, O Botner, J BÃ¶ttcher, J Braun, B Brinson, Z Brisson-Tsavoussis, RT Burley, D Butterfield, MA Campana, K Carloni, J Carpio, S Chattopadhyay, N Chau, Z Chen, D Chirkin, S Choi, BA Clark, A Coleman, P Coleman, GH Collin, DA Coloma Borja, A Connolly, JM Conrad, DF Cowen, C De Clercq, JJ DeLaunay, D Delgado, T Delmeulle, S Deng, P Desiati, KD de Vries, G de Wasseige, T DeYoung, JC DÃaz-VÃ©lez, S DiKerby, T Ding, M Dittmer, A Domi, L Draper, L Dueser, D Durnford, K Dutta, MA DuVernois, T Ehrhardt, L Eidenschink, A Eimer, P Eller, E Ellinger, D ElsÃ¤sser, R Engel, H Erpenbeck, W Esmail, S Eulig, J Evans, PA Evenson, KL Fan, K Fang, K Farrag, AR Fazely, A Fedynitch, N Feigl, C Finley, L Fischer, D Fox, A Franckowiak, S Fukami, P FÃ¼rst, J Gallagher, E Ganster, A Garcia, M Garcia, G Garg, E Genton, L Gerhardt, A Ghadimi, T GlÃ¼senkamp, JG Gonzalez, S Goswami, A Granados, D Grant, SJ Gray, S Griffin, S Griswold, KM Groth, D Guevel, C GÃ¼nther, P Gutjahr, C Ha, C Haack, A Hallgren, L Halve, F Halzen, L Hamacher, M Ha Minh, M Handt, K Hanson, J Hardin, AA Harnisch, P Hatch, A Haungs, J HÃ¤uÃler, K Helbing, J Hellrung, B Henke, L Hennig, F Henningsen, L Heuermann, R Hewett, N Heyer, S Hickford, A Hidvegi, C Hill, GC Hill, R Hmaid, KD Hoffman, D Hooper, S Hori, K Hoshina, M Hostert, W Hou, M Hrywniak, T Huber, K Hultqvist, K Hymon, A Ishihara, W Iwakiri, M Jacquart, S Jain, O Janik, M Jansson, M Jeong, M Jin, N Kamp, D Kang, W Kang, X Kang, A Kappes, L Kardum, T Karg, M Karl, A Karle, A Katil, M Kauer, JL Kelley, M Khanal, A Khatee Zathul, A Kheirandish, H Kimku, J Kiryluk, C Klein, SR Klein, Y Kobayashi, A Kochocki, R Koirala, H Kolanoski, T Kontrimas, L KÃ¶pke, C Kopper, DJ Koskinen, P Koundal, M Kowalski, T Kozynets, A Kravka, N Krieger, J Krishnamoorthi, T Krishnan, K Kruiswijk, E Krupczak, A Kumar, E Kun, N Kurahashi, N Lad, C Lagunas Gualda, L Lallement Arnaud, M Lamoureux, MJ Larson, F Lauber, JP Lazar, K Leonard DeHolton, A LeszczyÅska, J Liao, C Lin, QR Liu, YT Liu, M Liubarska, C Love, L Lu, F Lucarelli, W Luszczak, Y Lyu, M Macdonald, J Madsen, E Magnus, Y Makino, E Manao, S Mancina, A Mand, IC MariÅ, S Marka, Z Marka, L Marten, I Martinez-Soler, R Maruyama, J Mauro, F Mayhew, F McNally, JV Mead, K Meagher, S Mechbal, A Medina, M Meier, Y Merckx, L Merten, J Mitchell, L Molchany, S Mondal, T Montaruli, RW Moore, Y Morii, A Mosbrugger, M Moulai, D Mousadi, E Moyaux, T Mukherjee, R Naab, M Nakos, U Naumann, J Necker, L Neste, M Neumann, H Niederhausen, MU Nisa, K Noda, A Noell, A Novikov, A Obertacke, V O'Dell, A Olivas, R Orsoe, J Osborn, E O'Sullivan, V Palusova, H Pandya, A Parenti, N Park, V Parrish, EN Paudel, L Paul, C PÃ rez de los Heros, T Pernice, TC Petersen, J Peterson, M Plum, A PontÃ©n, V Poojyam, Y Popovych, M Prado Rodriguez, B Pries, R Procter-Murphy, GT Przybylski, L Pyras, C Raab, J Rack-Helleis, N Rad, M Ravn, K Rawlins, Z Rechav, A Rehman, I Reistroffer, E Resconi, S Reusch, CD Rho, W Rhode, L Ricca, B Riedel, A Rifaie, EJ Roberts, M Rongen, A Rosted, C Rott, T Ruhe, L Ruohan, D Ryckbosch, J Saffer, D Salazar-Gallegos, P Sampathkumar, A Sandrock, G Sanger-Johnson, M Santander, S Sarkar, J Savelberg, M Scarnera, P Schaile, M Schaufel, H Schieler, S Schindler, L Schlickmann, B SchlÃ¼ter, F SchlÃ¼ter, N Schmeisser, T Schmidt, FG SchrÃ¶der, L Schumacher, S Schwirn, S Sclafani, D Seckel, L Seen, M Seikh, S Seunarine, PA Sevle Myhr, R Shah, S Shefali, N Shimizu, B Skrzypek, R Snihur, J Soedingrekso, A SÃ¸gaard, D Soldin, P Soldin, G Sommani, C Spannfellner, GM Spiczak, C Spiering, J Stachurska, M Stamatikos, T Stanev, T Stezelberger, T StÃ¼rwald, T Stuttard, GW Sullivan, I Taboada, S Ter-Antonyan, A Terliuk, A Thakuri, M Thiesmeyer, WG Thompson, J Thwaites, S Tilav, K Tollefson, S Toscano, D Tosi, A Trettin, AK Upadhyay, K Upshaw, A Vaidyanathan, N Valtonen-Mattila, J Valverde, J Vandenbroucke, T Van Eeden, N van Eijndhoven, L Van Rootselaar, J van Santen, J Vara, F Varsi, M Venugopal, M Vereecken, S Vergara Carrasco, S Verpoest, D Veske, A Vijai, J Villarreal, C Walck, A Wang, EHS Warrick, C Weaver, P Weigel, A Weindl, J Weldert, AY Wen, C Wendt, J Werthebach, M Weyrauch, N Whitehorn, CH Wiebusch, DR Williams, L Witthaus, M Wolf, G Wrede, XW Xu, JP Yanez, Y Yao, E Yildizci, S Yoshida, R Young, F Yu, S Yu, T Yuan, A Zander Jurowitzki, A Zegarelli, S Zhang, Z Zhang, P Zhelnin, P Zilberman

Measurement of the mean number of muons with energies above 500 GeV in air showers detected with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

Physical Review D American Physical Society (APS) 112:8 (2025) 082004

Authors:

R Abbasi, M Ackermann, J Adams, SK Agarwalla, JA Aguilar, M Ahlers, JM Alameddine, NM Amin, K Andeen, C Argüelles, Y Ashida, S Athanasiadou, SN Axani, R Babu, X Bai, J Baines-Holmes, A Balagopal V., SW Barwick, S Bash, V Basu, R Bay, JJ Beatty, J Becker Tjus, P Behrens, J Beise, C Bellenghi, B Benkel, S BenZvi, D Berley, E Bernardini, DZ Besson, E Blaufuss, L Bloom, S Blot, I Bodo, F Bontempo, JY Book Motzkin, C Boscolo Meneguolo, S Böser, O Botner, J Böttcher, J Braun, B Brinson, Z Brisson-Tsavoussis, RT Burley, D Butterfield, MA Campana, K Carloni, J Carpio, S Chattopadhyay, N Chau, Z Chen, D Chirkin, S Choi, BA Clark, A Coleman, P Coleman, GH Collin, A Connolly, JM Conrad, R Corley, DF Cowen, C De Clercq, JJ DeLaunay, D Delgado, T Delmeulle, S Deng, P Desiati, KD de Vries, G de Wasseige, T DeYoung, JC Díaz-Vélez, S DiKerby, M Dittmer, A Domi, L Draper, L Dueser, D Durnford, K Dutta, MA DuVernois, T Ehrhardt, L Eidenschink, A Eimer, P Eller, E Ellinger, D Elsässer, R Engel, H Erpenbeck, W Esmail, S Eulig, J Evans, PA Evenson, KL Fan, K Fang, K Farrag, AR Fazely, A Fedynitch, N Feigl, C Finley, L Fischer, D Fox, A Franckowiak, S Fukami, P Fürst, J Gallagher, E Ganster, A Garcia, M Garcia, G Garg, E Genton, L Gerhardt, A Ghadimi, C Glaser, T Glüsenkamp, JG Gonzalez, S Goswami, A Granados, D Grant, SJ Gray, S Griffin, S Griswold, KM Groth, D Guevel, C Günther, P Gutjahr, C Ha, C Haack, A Hallgren, L Halve, F Halzen, L Hamacher, M Ha Minh, M Handt, K Hanson, J Hardin, AA Harnisch, P Hatch, A Haungs, J Häußler, K Helbing, J Hellrung, L Hennig, L Heuermann, R Hewett, N Heyer, S Hickford, A Hidvegi, C Hill, GC Hill, R Hmaid, KD Hoffman, D Hooper, S Hori, K Hoshina, M Hostert, W Hou, T Huber, K Hultqvist, K Hymon, A Ishihara, W Iwakiri, M Jacquart, S Jain, O Janik, M Jeong, M Jin, N Kamp, D Kang, X Kang, A Kappes, L Kardum, T Karg, M Karl, A Karle, A Katil, M Kauer, JL Kelley, M Khanal, A Khatee Zathul, A Kheirandish, H Kimku, J Kiryluk, C Klein, SR Klein, Y Kobayashi, A Kochocki, R Koirala, H Kolanoski, T Kontrimas, L Köpke, C Kopper, DJ Koskinen, P Koundal, M Kowalski, T Kozynets, N Krieger, J Krishnamoorthi, T Krishnan, K Kruiswijk, E Krupczak, A Kumar, E Kun, N Kurahashi, N Lad, C Lagunas Gualda, L Lallement Arnaud, M Lamoureux, MJ Larson, F Lauber, JP Lazar, K Leonard DeHolton, A Leszczyńska, J Liao, YT Liu, M Liubarska, C Love, L Lu, F Lucarelli, W Luszczak, Y Lyu, J Madsen, E Magnus, KBM Mahn, Y Makino, E Manao, S Mancina, A Mand, IC Mariş, S Marka, Z Marka, L Marten, I Martinez-Soler, R Maruyama, F Mayhew, F McNally, JV Mead, K Meagher, S Mechbal, A Medina, M Meier, Y Merckx, L Merten, J Mitchell, L Molchany, T Montaruli, RW Moore, Y Morii, A Mosbrugger, M Moulai, D Mousadi, T Mukherjee, R Naab, M Nakos, U Naumann, J Necker, L Neste, M Neumann, H Niederhausen, MU Nisa, K Noda, A Noell, A Novikov, A Obertacke Pollmann, V O’Dell, A Olivas, R Orsoe, J Osborn, E O’Sullivan, V Palusova, H Pandya, A Parenti, N Park, V Parrish, EN Paudel, L Paul, C Pérez de los Heros, T Pernice, J Peterson, M Plum, A Pontén, V Poojyam, Y Popovych, M Prado Rodriguez, B Pries, R Procter-Murphy, GT Przybylski, L Pyras, C Raab, J Rack-Helleis, N Rad, M Ravn, K Rawlins, Z Rechav, A Rehman, I Reistroffer, E Resconi, S Reusch, CD Rho, W Rhode, B Riedel, A Rifaie, EJ Roberts, S Robertson, M Rongen, A Rosted, C Rott, T Ruhe, L Ruohan, J Saffer, D Salazar-Gallegos, P Sampathkumar, A Sandrock, G Sanger-Johnson, M Santander, S Sarkar, J Savelberg, P Schaile, M Schaufel, H Schieler, S Schindler, L Schlickmann, B Schlüter, F Schlüter, N Schmeisser, T Schmidt, FG Schröder, L Schumacher, S Schwirn, S Sclafani, D Seckel, L Seen, M Seikh, S Seunarine, PA Sevle Myhr, R Shah, S Shefali, N Shimizu, B Skrzypek, R Snihur, J Soedingrekso, A Søgaard, D Soldin, P Soldin, G Sommani, C Spannfellner, GM Spiczak, C Spiering, J Stachurska, M Stamatikos, T Stanev, T Stezelberger, T Stürwald, T Stuttard, GW Sullivan, I Taboada, S Ter-Antonyan, A Terliuk, A Thakuri, M Thiesmeyer, WG Thompson, J Thwaites, S Tilav, K Tollefson, S Toscano, D Tosi, A Trettin, AK Upadhyay, K Upshaw, A Vaidyanathan, N Valtonen-Mattila, J Valverde, J Vandenbroucke, T Van Eeden, N van Eijndhoven, J van Santen, J Vara, F Varsi, M Venugopal, M Vereecken, S Vergara Carrasco, S Verpoest, D Veske, A Vijai, J Villarreal, C Walck, A Wang, E Warrick, C Weaver, P Weigel, A Weindl, AY Wen, C Wendt, J Werthebach, M Weyrauch, N Whitehorn, CH Wiebusch, DR Williams, L Witthaus, M Wolf, G Wrede, XW Xu, JP Yañez, Y Yao, E Yildizci, S Yoshida, R Young, F Yu, S Yu, T Yuan, A Zegarelli, S Zhang, Z Zhang, P Zhelnin, P Zilberman

Abstract:

We present a measurement of the mean number of muons with energies larger than 500 GeV in near-vertical extensive air showers initiated by cosmic rays with primary energies between 2.5 and 100 PeV. The measurement is based on events detected in coincidence between the surface and in-ice detectors of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Air showers are recorded on the surface by IceTop, while a bundle of high-energy muons (TeV muons) from the shower can subsequently produce a tracklike event in the IceCube in-ice array. Results are obtained assuming the hadronic interaction models Sibyll 2.1, QGSJet-II.04, and EPOS-LHC. The measured number of TeV muons is found to be in agreement with predictions from air-shower simulations. The results have also been compared to a measurement of low-energy muons by IceTop, indicating an inconsistency between the predictions for low- and high-energy muons in simulations based on the EPOS-LHC model.

Prospects for dark matter observations in dwarf spheroidal galaxies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory

(2025)

Authors:

K Abe, S Abe, J Abhir, A Abhishek, F Acero, A Acharyya, R Adam, A Aguasca-Cabot, I Agudo, A Aguirre-Santaella, J Alfaro, R Alfaro, C Alispach, R Alves Batista, J-P Amans, E Amato, G Ambrosi, D Ambrosino, F Ambrosino, L Angel, LA Antonelli, C Aramo, C Arcaro, K Asano, Y Ascasibar, L Augusto Stuani, M Backes, C Balazs, M Balbo, A Baquero Larriva, V Barbosa Martins, JA Barrio, L Barrios-JimÃ©nez, C Bartolini, PI Batista, I BatkoviÄ, R Batzofin, J Becerra GonzÃ¡lez, G Beck, J Becker Tjus, W Benbow, D Berge, E Bernardini, J Bernete, A Berti, B Bertucci, V Beshley, P Bhattacharjee, S Bhattacharyya, C Bigongiari, A Biland, E Bissaldi, O Blanch, J Blazek, G Bonnoli, A Bonollo, Z Bosnjak, E Bottacini, M BÃ¶ttcher, T Bringmann, E Bronzini, R Brose, G Brunelli, J Buces SÃ¡ez, M Bunse, L Burmistrov, M Burton, PG Calisse, A Campoy-Ordaz, BK Cantlay, G Capasso, A Caproni, R Capuzzo-Dolcetta, P Caraveo, S Caroff, R Carosi, E Carquin, M-S Carrasco, E Cascone, G Castignani, AJ Castro-Tirado, D Cerasole, M Cerruti, A CerviÃ O CortÃnez, PM Chadwick, Y Chai, S Chaty, AW Chen, Y Chen, M Chernyakova, A Chiavassa, G Chon, J Chudoba, GM Cicciari, A Cifuentes, CH Coimbra Araujo, M Colapietro, V Conforti, JL Contreras, B Cornejo, J Cortina, A Costa, H Costantini, G Cotter, P Cristofari, O Cuevas, Z Curtis-Ginsberg, G D'Amico, F D'Ammando, L David, F Dazzi, A De Angelis, M de Bony de Lavergne, F De Frondat Laadim, EM de Gouveia Dal Pino, B De Lotto, M de Naurois, G De Palma, V de Souza, R Del Burgo, L del Peral, MV del Valle, C Delgado, D della Volpe, D Depaoli, T Di Girolamo, A Di Piano, F Di Pierro, R Di Tria, L Di Venere, S Diebold, A Dinesh, J Djuvsland, A Donini, J DÃ¶rner, M Doro, C Duangchan, L Ducci, VV Dwarkadas, J Ebr, C Eckner, K Egberts, D ElsÃ¤sser, G Emery, C EscaÃ uela Nieves, P Escarate, M Escobar Godoy, P Esposito, S Ettori, D Falceta-Goncalves, E Fedorova, S Fegan, Q Feng, G Ferrand, F Ferrarotto, E Fiandrini, A Fiasson, M Filipovic, V Fioretti, L Foffano, G Fontaine, F FrÃas GarcÃa-Lago, Y Fukazawa, Y Fukui, A Furniss, G Galanti, G Galaz, S Gallozzi, V Gammaldi, S GarcÃa Soto, M Garczarczyk, C Gasbarra, D Gasparrini, M Gaug, S Germani, A Ghalumyan, F Gianotti, JG Giesbrecht Formiga Paiva, N Giglietto, F Giordano, R Giuffrida, J-F Glicenstein, J Glombitza, P Goldoni, JM GonzÃ¡lez, J Goulart Coelho, T Gradetzke, J Granot, L GrÃ©aux, D Green, JG Green, G Grolleron, LMV Guedes, O Gueta, D Hadasch, P Hamal, W Hanlon, S Hara, VM Harvey, T Hassan, K Hayashi, B HeÃ, L Heckmann, M Heller, N Hiroshima, B Hnatyk, R Hnatyk, D Hoffmann, W Hofmann, D Horan, P Horvath, D Hrupec, S Hussain, M Iarlori, T Inada, F Incardona, S Inoue, Y Inoue, F Iocco, A Iuliano, Jahanvi, M Jamrozy, P Janecek, F Jankowsky, C Jarnot, I Jaroschewski, P Jean, I JimÃ nez MartÃnez, W Jin, J Jurysek, O Kalekin, V Karas, J Kataoka, S Kaufmann, D Kazanas, T Keita, D Kerszberg, DB Kieda, R Kissmann, W KluÅºniak, K Kohri, D Kolar, N Komin, P Kornecki, G Kowal, H Kubo, J Kushida, A La Barbera, N La Palombara, B Lacave, M LÃ¡inez, A Lamastra, J Lapington, S LazareviÄ, J-P Lenain, F Leone, E Leonora, Y Li, E Lindfors, M Linhoff, S Lombardi, F Longo, R LÃ³pez-Coto, M LÃ³pez-Moya, A LÃ³pez-Oramas, S Loporchio, J Lozano Bahilo, H Luciani, PL Luque-Escamilla, E Lyard, O Macias, J Mackey, P Majumdar, D Malyshev, D Mandat, S Mangano, G ManicÃ², A Marchetti, M Mariotti, I MÃ¡rquez, G Marsella, D MartÃn DomÃnguez, GA MartÃnez, M MartÃnez, O Martinez, D Mazin, AJTS Mello, J MÃ ndez Gallego, S Menon, S Mereghetti, DM-A Meyer, M Meyer, D Miceli, M Miceli, M Michailidis, T Miener, JM Miranda, A Mitchell, M Molero, C Molfese, M Molina Delicado, E Molina, T Montaruli, A Moralejo, A Moreno Ramos, A Morselli, E Moulin, V Moya Zamanillo, K Munari, T Murach, A Muraczewski, H Muraishi, T Nakamori, R Nemmen, JP Neto, J Niemiec, D Nieto, M Nievas Rosillo, M NikoÅajuk, K Nishijima, K Noda, D Nosek, V Novotny, S Nozaki, A Okumura, J-F Olive, RA Ong, R Orito, M Orlandini, E Orlando, S Orlando, J Otero-Santos, I Oya, M Ozlati Moghadam, A Pagliaro, M Palatiello, A Pandey, G Panebianco, D Paneque, FR Pantaleo, R Paoletti, JM Paredes, N Parmiggiani, B Patricelli, M Pech, M Pecimotika, M Peresano, A PÃ rez Aguilera, J PÃ rez-Romero, G Peron, F Perrotta, M Persic, O Petruk, F Pfeifle, E Pietropaolo, L Pinchbeck, F Pintore, G Pirola, C Pittori, F Podobnik, M Pohl, V Poireau, V Pollet, G Ponti, C Pozo GonzÃ¡lez, E Prandini, G Principe, M Prouza, E Pueschel, G PÃ¼hlhofer, ML Pumo, A Quirrenbach, S RainÃ², R Rando, S Recchia, M Regeard, A Reimer, O Reimer, I Reis, A Reisenegger, W Rhode, M RibÃ³, C Ricci, T Richtler, J Rico, F Rieger, L Riitano, C RÃos, V Rizi, E Roache, G RodrÃguez-FernÃ¡ndez, MD RodrÃguez FrÃas, JJ RodrÃguez-VÃ¡zquez, P Romano, G Romeo, J Rosado, A Rosales de Leon, G Rowell, A Roy, B Rudak, A Ruina, E Ruiz-Velasco, FS Queiroz, I Sadeh, L Saha, H Salzmann, M SÃ¡nchez-Conde, P Sangiorgi, H Sano, R Santos-Lima, V Sapienza, S Sarkar, FG Saturni, S Savarese, V Savchenko, A Scherer, F Schiavone, P Schipani, F Schussler, D Sengupta, O Sergijenko, V Sguera, H Siejkowski, G Silvestri, A Simongini, C Siqueira, V Sliusar, I Sofia, H Sol, D Spiga, S Spinello, A Stamerra, S StaniÄ, T Starecki, R Starling, T Stolarczyk, Y Suda, H Tajima, M Takahashi, R Takeishi, SJ Tanaka, LA Tejedor, M Teshima, V Testa, WW Tian, L Tibaldo, O Tibolla, SJ Tingay, F Tombesi, D Tonev, F Torradeflot, DF Torres, N Tothill, A Tramacere, P Travnicek, A Trois, S Truzzi, A Tutone, M Vacula, C van Eldik, J Vandenbroucke, V Vassiliev, M VÃ zquez Acosta, M Vecchi, S Ventura, S Vercellone, G Verna, I Viale, A Viana, N Viaux, A Vigliano, J Vignatti, CF Vigorito, E Visentin, V Vitale, V Voitsekhovskyi, S Vorobiov, G Voutsinas, R Walter, M Wechakama, M White, A Wierzcholska, F Wohlleben, F Xotta, R Yamazaki, Y Yao, T Yoshikoshi, D Zavrtanik, M Zavrtanik, A Zech, W Zhang, VI Zhdanov, M Å½ivec, J Zuriaga-Puig

QSHS: an axion dark matter resonant search apparatus

New Journal of Physics IOP Publishing 27:10 (2025) 105002

Authors:

A Alsulami, I Bailey, G Carosi, G Chapman, B Chakraborty, EJ Daw, N Du, S Durham, J Esmenda, J Gallop, T Gamble, T Godfrey, G Gregori, J Halliday, L Hao, E Hardy, EA Laird, P Leek, J March-Russell, PJ Meeson, CF Mostyn, Yu A Pashkin, SÓ Peatain, M Perry, M Piscitelli, M Reig, S Sarkar, A Sokolov, B-K Tan, S Withington

Abstract:

We describe a resonant cavity search apparatus for axion dark matter constructed by the quantum sensors for the hidden sector collaboration. The apparatus is configured to search for QCD axion dark matter, though also has the capability to detect axion-like particles, dark photons, and some other forms of wave-like dark matter. Initially, a tuneable cylindrical oxygen-free copper cavity is read out using a low noise microwave amplifier feeding a heterodyne receiver. The cavity is housed in a dilution refrigerator (DF) and threaded by a solenoidal magnetic field, nominally 8 T. The apparatus also houses a magnetic field shield for housing superconducting electronics, and several other fixed-frequency resonators for use in testing and commissioning various prototype quantum electronic devices sensitive at a range of axion masses in the range 2.0– 40μeVc−2. The apparatus as currently configured is intended as a test stand for electronics over the relatively wide frequency band attainable with the TM010 cavity mode used for axion searches. We present performance data for the resonator, DF, and magnet, and plans for the first science run.

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