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Abstract:

Motivated by the increasing number of detections of merging black holes by LIGO-VIRGO-KAGRA, black hole (BH) binary mergers in the discs of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is investigated as a possible merger channel. In this pathway, BH encounters in the gas disc form mutually bound BH binary systems through interaction with the gas in the disc and subsequently inspiral through gravitational torques induced by the local gas. To determine the feasibility of this merger pathway, we present the first three-dimensional global hydrodynamic simulations of the formation and evolution of a stellar-mass BH binaries AGN discs with three different AGN disc masses and five different initial radial separations. These 15 simulations show binary capture of prograde and retrograde binaries can be successful in a range of disc densities including cases well below that of a standard radiatively efficient alpha disc, identifying that the majority of these captured binaries are then subsequently hardened by the surrounding gas. The eccentricity evolution depends strongly on the orbital rotation where prograde binaries are governed by gravitational torques form their circumbinary mini disc, with eccentricities being damped, while for retrograde binaries the eccentricities are excited to >∼ 0.9 by accretion torques. In two cases, retrograde binaries ultimately undergo a close periapsis passage which results in a merger via gravitational waves after only a few thousand binary orbits. Thus, the merger time-scale can be far shorter than the AGN disc lifetime. These simulations support an efficient AGN disc merger pathway for BHs.

Abstract:

In reactor-relevant plasmas, neoclassical transport drives an outward particle flux in the core of large stellarators and predicts strongly hollow density profiles. However, this theoretical prediction is contradicted by experiments. In particular, in Wendelstein 7-X, the first large optimized stellarator, flat or weakly peaked density profiles are generally measured, indicating that neoclassical theory is not sufficient and that an inward contribution to the particle flux is missing in the core. In this Research Letter, it is shown that the turbulent contribution to the particle flux can explain the difference between experimental measurements and neoclassical predictions. The results of this Research Letter also prove that theoretical and numerical tools are approaching the level of maturity needed for the prediction of equilibrium density profiles in stellarator plasmas, which is a fundamental requirement for the design of operation scenarios of present devices and future reactors.

Abstract:

The spin–orbit misalignment of stellar-mass black hole (sBH) binaries provides important constraints on the formation channels of merging sBHs. Here, we study the role of secular spin–orbit resonance in the evolution of an sBH binary component around a supermassive BH (SMBH) in an AGN disk. We consider the sBH's spin precession due to the J2 moment introduced by a circum-sBH disk within the warping/breaking radius of the disk. We find that the sBH's spin–orbit misalignment (obliquity) can be excited via spin–orbit resonance between the sBH binary's orbital nodal precession and the sBH spin precession driven by a massive circum-sBH disk. Using an α-disk model with Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton accretion, the resonances typically occur for sBH binaries with semimajor axis of 1 au and at a distance of ∼1000 au around a 107 M⊙ SMBH. The spin–orbit resonances can lead to high sBH obliquities and a broad distribution of sBH binary spin–spin misalignments. However, we note that the Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton accretion is much higher than that of Eddington accretion, which typically results in spin precession being too low to trigger spin–orbit resonances. Thus, secular spin–orbit resonances can be quite rare for sBHs in AGN disks.