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Abstract:

The Composite Infrared Spectrometer observed Jupiter in the thermal infrared during the swing-by of the Cassini spacecraft. Results include the detection of two new stratospheric species, the methyl radical and diacetylene, gaseous species present in the north and south auroral infrared hot spots; determination of the variations with latitude of acetylene and ethane, the latter a tracer of atmospheric motion; observations of unexpected spatial distributions of carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide, both considered to be products of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts; characterization of the morphology of the auroral infrared hot spot acetylene emission; and a new evaluation of the energetics of the northern auroral infrared hot spot.

Abstract:

The Hellas Basis is an impact-formed deep basin in the Southern Hemisphere of Mars. We undertook a limited planning exercise for a human Trans-Hellas expedition that would traverse the basin from West to East. The authors of this paper divided into three teams. The Science Group was set the task of defining science goals for a Trans-Hellas Crossing. The Logistics Group was set the task of considering what transport and accommodation the team would use during the expedition and the Resource Group was set the task of defining resource use and allocation during the traverse. We present the main conclusions of this short study and show that the Hellas Basin should be considered a high priority science target for future human expeditions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of Martian expedition planning using a small team with diverse expertise.

Abstract:

Hydrothermal plumes may be responsible for transmitting radiogenic or tidally generated heat from Europa's rocky interior through a liquid ocean to the base of its ice shell. This process has been implicated in the formation of chaos regions and lenticulae by melting or exciting convection in the ice layer. In contrast to earlier work, we argue that Europa's ocean should be treated as an unstratified fluid. We have adapted and expanded upon existing work describing buoyant plumes in a rotating, unstratified environment. We discuss the scaling laws governing the flow and geometry of plumes on Europa and perform a laboratory experiment to obtain scaling constants and to visualize plume behavior in a Europa-like parameter regime. We predict that hydrothermal plumes on Europa are of a lateral scale (at least 25-50 km) comparable to large chaos regions; they are too broad to be responsible for the formation of individual lenticulae. Plume heat fluxes (0.1-10 W/m²) are too weak to allow complete melt-through of the ice layer. Current speeds in the plume (3-8 mm/s) are much slower than indicated by previous studies. The observed movement of ice blocks in the Conamara Chaos region is unlikely to be driven by such weak flow. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.