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Abstract:

Transparent conductive films are key components of many optoelectronic devices but are often made from either scarce or brittle materials like indium tin oxide. Carbon nanotube-polymer films offer an abundant and flexible alternative. Here, we report how the dimensions of the carbon nanotube raw material affect their thin film performance and thickness yield when processed with the polymer ethylene-vinyl acetate. We perform chemical doping with several halogenated metals and find the electron affinity of the metal to be a good indicator of p-doping effectiveness. We identify CuCl2 as low-cost alternative to the established gold chloride dopants. Optimising the dopant deposition method allows us to reduce the effect of doping on the optical transmittance. Percolation analysis of our films demonstrates that optimized single-walled carbon nanotube-ethylene-vinyl acetate films show no sign of percolation effects down to thicknesses of 5 nm. Finally, we produce transparent touch-sensitive devices. Comparing several of these devices, we find a linear relationship between the sheet resistance and the on/off ratio of the touch sensing that can be used to determine a threshold film thickness. Using doped carbon nanotube-ethylene-vinyl acetate films increases the on/off ratio and allows us to fabricate touch-sensitive devices with an on/off ratio of 10 at 95% optical transmittance. This clearly demonstrates the potential of these films for transparent touch-sensitive applications.

Abstract:

Tandem photovoltaics hold great potential to surpass the efficiency limit of single-junction solar cells. Detrimental structural defects and chemical reactions at buried interfaces of subcells considerably impede the performance of integrated tandems. Here, we devise a mercapto-functionalized mesoporous silica layer as a superstructure at the buried interface to modulate the crystallisation, eliminate nanovoids, passivate defects, and suppress the oxidation of Sn(II) in the tin–lead perovskite films, contributing substantially to reduce charge carrier losses and improve stability in positive-intrinsic-negative structured devices. Consequently, the tin–lead perovskite single-junction cells show efficiency values of up to 23.7% with the best open-circuit voltage of 0.89 V. With the enhanced subcells, our double-junction tandems show efficiency values of 29.6% (certified 29.5% and steady-state 28.7%) and 24.7% on solar cells and 11.3 cm2 mini-modules, respectively. Encapsulated tandems maintain 90% of initial efficiency after 445 h of maximum power point tracking under simulated 1-sun illumination.

Abstract:

Utilizing molecular bridges presents a promising means to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, concurrently bridging the perovskite absorber and its two adjacent interfaces remains a significant challenge that is yet to be achieved. Here, we construct dual molecular bridges at perovskite heterointerfaces, enabled by a self-organizing additive of 4-fluoro-phenethylammonium formate (4-F-PEAFa) and a synthesized hole transporter of [2-(7H-dibenzo[c, g]carbazol-7-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (DBZ-2PACz). The molecular bridges spanning two interfaces lead to the formation of an ‘integral carrier transport pathway’, mitigating both non-radiative recombination and charge-transport losses in the fabricated PSC devices. We thus achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.0% (25.6% certified) in inverted PSCs, accompanied by an exceptionally high fill factor of 0.87 (maximum 0.88 from the certified devices, 97% of its Shockley–Queisser limit) and a low ideality factor of 1.06. The unencapsulated devices retain 96% of their PCEs after aging at 85°C for 2200 h and 90% after maximum power point tracking at an elevated temperature of 50°C for 973 h.

Abstract:

Due to minimal material use and low-cost processing, next-generation thin film solar cells represent a promising alternative to traditional crystalline silicon solar cells. Among these, metal-halide perovskite solar cells have seen significant improvements in power conversion efficiency and are now on the verge of market entry. However, most efficient and stable perovskite solar cells contain lead in the perovskite absorber layer, along with indium and silver in their electrodes. This study demonstrates an environmentally benign recycling process for recovering all three elements from end-of-life perovskite solar cells. In short, the process consists of mechanical dismantling (milling), aqueous extraction/purification of PbI2, and acid extraction and purification of indium and silver by nanofiltration. After the quantitative recovery of lead as PbI2 (95 ± 5%), indium and silver were dissolved using nitric acid with recovery rates of 87 ± 7% for both metals. Life cycle assessment calculations were used to determine optimal conditions in terms of minimal environmental impact per gram of extracted element. After acid extraction, nanofiltration was employed using both custom-made layer-by-layer membranes and commercially available acid-resistant flat sheet membranes to separate indium from silver. Using an optimized membrane design, indium was almost entirely retained (96.9 ± 0.4%) using a layer-by-layer membrane at 50% permeate recovery. Hence, a twofold concentration of indium was achieved over the course of the filtration. In contrast, silver was not retained (retention of -7.6 ± 6.3%), resulting in a dilute Ag permeate. Using the commercial flat sheet membrane resulted in similar retention rates, with 98.5 ± 0.4% for indium and 5.8 ± 11.6% for silver. However, this came at the expense of considerably higher operating pressure (25 bar vs 5 bar) and lower flux (6 L/m2h vs 30 L/m2h), resulting in higher energy demand (72 Wh/L vs 9 Wh/L). Therefore, layer-by-layer membrane filtration proved to be the superior method for element recovery from perovskite photovoltaic devices. This study has shown that combining hydrometallurgical processing (aqueous and acidic extraction) with layer-by-layer membrane filtration offers an efficient and environmentally benign approach for metal recovery from end-of-life solar cells. Since indium and silver are also key elements for other thin film photovoltaic applications, layer-by-layer membrane filtration may represent a platform technology for future photovoltaic panel recycling.