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Abstract:

Contrary to a recent claim, the inferred primordial abundances of the light elements are quite consistent with the expectations from standard big bang nucleosynthesis when attention is restricted to direct observations rather than results from chemical evolution models. The number of light neutrino (or equivalent particle) species ($N_ν$) can be as high as 4.53 if the nucleon-to-photon ratio ($η$) is at its lower limit of $1.65 \times 10^{-10}$, as constrained by the upper bound on the deuterium abundance in high redshift quasar absorption systems. Alternatively, with $N_ν= 3$, $η$ can be as high as $8.90 \times 10^{-10}$ if the deuterium abundance is bounded from below by its interstellar value.

Abstract:

A study is made of some properties of this interface in the SU(3) pure gauge theory in 2+1 dimensions. At high temperatures, the interface tension is measured and shows agreement with the perturbative prediction. Near the critical temperature, the behaviour of the interface is examined, and its fluctuations compared to a scalar field theory model.