51ÁÔÆæÈë¿Ú

Abstract:

Using deep observations across three of the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Deep Fields, this work measures the angular clustering of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and low-excitation radio galaxies (LERGs) to 1.5 for faint sources, 200 Jy. We measure the angular auto-correlation of LOFAR sources in redshift bins and their cross-correlation with multiwavelength sources to measure the evolving galaxy bias for SFGs and LERGs. Our work shows the bias of the radio-selected SFGs increases from = at 0.2 to = at 1.2; faster than the assumed models adopted in previous LOFAR cosmology studies (at sensitivities where active galactic nuclei dominate), but in broad agreement with previous work. We further study the luminosity dependence of bias for SFGs and find little evidence for any luminosity dependence at fixed redshift, although uncertainties remain large for the sample sizes available. The LERG population instead shows a weaker redshift evolution with = at 0.7 to = at 1.2, though it is also consistent with the assumed bias evolution model () within the measured uncertainties. For those LERGs that reside in quiescent galaxies, there is weak evidence that they are more biased than the general LERG population and evolve from = at 0.7 to = at 1.2. This suggests the halo environment of radio sources may be related to their properties. These measurements can help constrain models for the bias evolution of these source populations, and can help inform multi-tracer analyses.

Abstract:

Context. Baryonic physics has a considerable impact on the distribution of matter in our Universe on scales probed by current and future cosmological surveys, acting as a key systematic in such analyses. Aims. We seek simple symbolic parametrisations for the impact of baryonic physics on the matter power spectrum for a range of physically motivated models, as a function of wavenumber, redshift, cosmology, and parameters controlling the baryonic feedback. Methods. We used symbolic regression to construct analytic approximations for the ratio of the matter power spectrum in the presence of baryons to that without such effects. We obtained separate functions of each of four distinct sub-grid prescriptions of baryonic physics from the CAMELS suite of hydrodynamical simulations (Astrid, IllustrisTNG, SIMBA, and Swift-EAGLE) as well as for a baryonification algorithm. We also provide functions that describe the uncertainty on these predictions, due to both the stochastic nature of baryonic physics and the errors on our fits. Results. The error on our approximations to the hydrodynamical simulations is comparable to the sample variance estimated through varying initial conditions, and our baryonification expression has a root mean squared error of better than one percent, although this increases on small scales. These errors are comparable to those of previous numerical emulators for these models. Our expressions are enforced to have the physically correct behaviour on large scales and at high redshift. Due to their analytic form, we are able to directly interpret the impact of varying cosmology and feedback parameters, and we can identify parameters that have little to no effect. Conlcusions. Each function is based on a different implementation of baryonic physics, and can therefore be used to discriminate between these models when applied to real data. We provide a publicly available code for all symbolic approximations found.

Abstract:

We investigate the unusual emission-line luminosity ratios observed in the JWST Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) NIRSpec spectroscopy of GN-z11, which reveal exceptionally strong emission lines and a significant detection of the rarely observed N iii] , multiplet. These features suggest an elevated N/O abundance, challenging existing models of stellar populations and nebular emission. To assess whether Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars can account for the observed line ratios, we construct a suite of stellar and nebular models incorporating high-resolution stellar spectral libraries, enabling a more accurate treatment of WR evolution and its influence on the ionizing radiation field. We find that the inclusion of WR stars is essential for reproducing the observed position of GN-z11 in the C iii]/He ii versus C iii]/C iv diagnostic plane, resolving discrepancies from previous studies. The model-derived metallicity (0.07 Z/Z 0.15), ionization parameter (−2), and stellar ages are consistent with the literature estimates. However, our models underpredict the N iii/O iii] ratio, suggesting that WR stars alone cannot fully explain the nitrogen enrichment. This suggests that additional mechanisms, such as rapid chemical enrichment in a young, metal-poor environment, may be necessary to explain the nitrogen excess. While our models successfully reproduce most observed line ratios, further refinements to the models are needed to fully characterize the stellar populations and the enrichment processes of high-redshift galaxies like GN-z11.