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Abstract:

Dynamical modelling can be used to constrain the masses of central black holes, but it is challenging to model massive galaxies because of their complex kinematics. We report six new measurements of supermassive black hole masses of massive early-type galaxies from stellar kinematics, which were extracted from adaptive-optics-assisted SINFONI and MUSE observations. We combined the stellar kinematics with HST photometry to build triaxial Schwarzschild orbit-superposition models. Our Schwarzschild models can recover the complex triaxial features of the galaxies and constrain the black hole masses of all six galaxies. We found that strong triaxial kinematic features can bias the mass measurements and corrected for this effect. The derived black hole masses are $(1.14^ DYNAMITE +0.41 _ -0.63 ) _ 10^9$ M_⊙ for NGC 3706, $(1.19^ +1.34 -0.80 ) _ 10^9$ M_⊙ for NGC 3923, $(1.14^ +1.08 -0.95 ) _ 10^9$ M_⊙ for NGC 4261, $(4.68^ +2.99 -4.26 ) _ 10^8$ M_⊙ for NGC 4636, $(3.51^ +3.37 -2.57 ) _ 10^9$ M_⊙ for IC 4296, and $(2.43^ +1.53 -1.65 ) 10^9$ M_⊙ for IC 4329 at a confidence level of 3σ. We compared our measurements with published results from axisymmetric Schwarzschild modelling and with our JAM Jeans Anisotropic models and obtained mostly consistent black hole masses. Most of our black hole mass estimates can be well constrained using MUSE observations alone. All of our mass measurements agree with local black hole scaling relations.

Abstract:

Context. Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images are used to study the structure of the central regions of the luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) IC 860. IC 860 is of special interest as a system with an extreme central concentration of molecular gas cloaking its compact obscured nucleus (CON). The CON provides most of the 1.5 × 10 11 L ⊙ luminosity in IC 860 from an undetermined combination of stellar and active galactic nucleus power sources. Aims. We mapped and photometered the central molecular zone (CMZ) of IC 860 motivated by a previous detection of a luminous compact nuclear source. Our objective was to study the properties of the CMZ and its relationship to the CON, which we identified as an opaque central region in archival near-infrared (NIR) images. Methods. We measured the coordinates of the compact NIR source, IC860-a, from HST coordinates calibrated with Gaia positions. The photometry of the HST images yielded magnitudes, colors, and high V-band dust optical depths based on foreground screen dust models. Photometry corrected for dimming by dust yielded NIR luminosities of IC860-a and the CMZ. Results. IC 860 has distinct compact central luminosity sources. Most of the NIR luminosity is from the CMZ, while the LIRG-CON is an obscured region centered in the CMZ. IC860-a, on the northeastern side of the CMZ, is offset by ≈0.2″ from the CON, has a luminosity of ∼10 9 L ⊙ , and may be a massive young stellar complex or intruding nucleus. Conclusions. The inner CMZ in IC 860 contains two luminous compact objects. The CON is identified for the first time as an obscured central source, while the structure of the CMZ+CON is complicated by the presence of IC860-a, compact object and possibly a massive young stellar system or second nucleus. The presence of IC 860-a in combination with the CON is a further signature of the unusual evolution of the gas-rich IC 860 CMZ.

Abstract:

We present the results of the single-component Sérsic profile fitting for the magnitude-limited sample of I E < 23 galaxies within the 63.1 deg 2 area of the Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). The associated morphological catalogue includes two sets of structural parameters fitted using SourceXtractor++ : one for VIS I E images and one for a combination of three NISP images in Y E , J E , and H E bands. We compared the resulting Sérsic parameters to other morphological measurements provided in the Q1 data release and to the equivalent parameters based on higher-resolution Hubble Space Telescope imaging. These comparisons confirmed the consistency and the reliability of the fits to Q1 data. Our analysis of colour gradients shows that NISP profiles systematically have smaller effective radii ( R e ) and larger Sérsic indices ( n ) than in VIS. In addition, we highlight trends in NISP-to-VIS parameter ratios with both magnitude and n VIS . From the 2D bimodality of the ( u − r ) colour-log( n ) plane, we defined a ( u − r ) lim ( n ) that separates early- and late-type galaxies (ETGs and LTGs). We used the two sub-populations to examine the variations of n across well-known scaling relations at z < 1. The ETGs display a steeper size–stellar mass relation than the LTGs, indicating a difference in the main drivers of their mass assembly. Similarly, LTGs and ETGs occupy different parts of the stellar mass–star-formation rate plane, with ETGs at higher masses than LTGs and further below the main sequence of star-forming galaxies. This clear separation highlights the link known between the shutdown of star formation and morphological transformations in the Euclid imaging data set. In conclusion, our analysis demonstrates both the robustness of the Sérsic fits available in the Q1 morphological catalogue and the wealth of information they provide for studies of galaxy evolution with Euclid .

Abstract:

The Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) is expected to identify in the order of 100 000 galaxy-galaxy strong lenses across 14 000deg 2 . The Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) of 63.1deg 2 Euclid images provides an excellent opportunity to test our lens-finding ability, and to verify the anticipated lens frequency in the EWS. Following the Q1 data release, eight machine learning networks from five teams were applied to approximately one million images. This was followed by a citizen science inspection of a subset of around 100 000 images, of which 65% received high network scores, with the remainder randomly selected. The top scoring outputs were inspected by experts to establish confident (grade A), likely (grade B), possible (grade C), and unlikely lenses. In this paper we combine the citizen science and machine learning classifiers into an ensemble, demonstrating that a combined approach can produce a purer and more complete sample than the original individual classifiers. Using the expert-graded subset as ground truth, we find that this ensemble can provide a purity of 52 ± 2% (grade A/B lenses) with 50% completeness (for context, due to the rarity of lenses a random classifier would have a purity of 0.05% and the best machine learning network in this work achieved 7.3% purity for the same completeness). We discuss future lessons for the first major Euclid data release (DR1), where the big-data challenges will become more significant and will require analysing more than ∼300 million galaxies, and thus the time investment of both experts and citizens must be carefully managed.

Abstract:

We present a detailed visual morphology catalogue for the Euclid Quick Release 1 (Q1). Our catalogue includes galaxy features such as bars, spiral arms, and ongoing mergers, for the 378 000 bright ( I E < 20.5) or extended (area ≥700 pixels) galaxies in Q1. The catalogue was created by finetuning the Zoobot galaxy foundation models on annotations from an intensive one-month campaign by Galaxy Zoo volunteers. Our measurements are fully automated, and hence fully scaleable. This catalogue is the first 0.4% of the approximately 100 million galaxies where Euclid will ultimately resolve detailed morphology.