51ÁÔÆæÈë¿Ú

Abstract:

We propose a time- and wavelength-multiplexed remote atom-atom entanglement generation protocol based on cavity-assisted photon scattering (CAPS). This is designed to achieve a high rate and high fidelity with robustness to operational imperfections, parameter fluctuations, and auxiliary time costs, such as percent-level photon impurity, timing and cavity parameter jitter, and atom shuttling time costs. We benchmark this protocol using comprehensive analytical and numerical modeling of the atom-cavity dynamics, including state-dependent pulse-delay effects, photon temporal impurity, atom-cavity system parameter fluctuations, and crosstalk among atoms through a shared cavity mode. With realistic atom-cavity system performance, we predict $2×{10}^5{\mathrm{s}}^{−1}$ successful atom-atom Bell pair generation even without in-cavity qubit reset, substantially enhanced from two-photon-interference-based protocols, at a predicted heralded fidelity of 0.999. We further show that the predicted rate scales further by the use of wavelength multiplexing while maintaining the fidelity.

Abstract:

Distributed architecture is a promising route to scaling fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) beyond the inherent limitations of single processors, for which high-fidelity logical Bell pairs need to be prepared from many noisy physical Bell pairs with high efficiency. For practical implementation of distributed FTQC, logical Bell pair preparation must be designed not only for efficient Bell pair consumption but also for the spacetime volume of the protocol; however, entanglement distillation protocols have primarily focused on minimizing the consumption of Bell pairs, often resulting in protocols that require a substantial number of local operations. A key challenge is to find an appropriate balance between these two contrasting features. To resolve this issue, we introduce a metric for characterizing the practical cost of preparing high-fidelity logical Bell pairs, (LLV), which is a circuit-volume metric incorporating, in a single quantity, both the cost of physical Bell pair consumption and the volume associated with local operations. Guided by this metric, we propose the protocol that achieves efficient preparation of logical Bell pairs encoded in rotated surface code, with LLV reduced by orders of magnitude compared to prior state-of-the-art methods. In this protocol, paralleling recent advances in magic state cultivation, we employ soft-information decoders and postselection to suppress the logical error rates of Bell pairs to practical levels, e.g. less than ${10}^{−10}$ from 86 noisy physical Bell pairs at 1% error, while all local operations are implementable within a spatial region of a single surface-code patch with two-dimensional local connectivity. This is a substantial reduction from other protocols, such as remote lattice surgery operations requiring nearly 1000 physical Bell pairs under the same setting. To further augment the entanglement boosting, we also present a pipelined implementation of entanglement distillation using high-rate quantum error-correcting codes, enabling arbitrarily low logical error rates while also maintaining physically efficient implementations. These results pave the way for the practical implementation of distributed FTQC, reinforcing the benefits of fast interconnect technologies and serving as a guiding principle for the efficient design of protocols and devices.

Abstract:

The realization of a global quantum network holds the potential to enable groundbreaking applications such as secure quantum communication and blind quantum computing. However, building such a network remains a formidable challenge, primarily due to photon loss in optical fibers. In this work, we propose a quantum repeater architecture for distributing entanglement over intercontinental distances by leveraging low-Earth-orbit satellites equipped with spontaneous parametric down-conversion photon-pair sources and ground stations utilizing single-atom memories in optical cavities and single-photon detectors to implement the cavity-assisted photon scattering gates for high-fidelity entanglement mapping. The efficient entanglement swapping is achieved by performing high-fidelity Rydberg gates and readouts. We evaluate the entanglement distribution rates and fidelities by analyzing several key imperfections, including time-dependent two-photon transmission and time-dependent pair fidelity, for various satellite heights and ground station distances. We also investigate the impact of pair source fidelity, spin decoherence rate, and sky brightness on the repeater performance. Furthermore, we introduce a spatial-frequency multiplexing strategy within this architecture to enhance the design’s performance. Finally, we discuss in detail the practical implementation of this architecture. Our results show that this architecture enables entanglement distribution over intercontinental distances. For example, it can distribute over 10 000 pairs per flyby over 10 000 km with a fidelity above 90%, surpassing the capabilities of terrestrial quantum repeaters.