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Abstract:

This work represents the first long-term (µs+) simulations of capillary discharge devices, made feasible by the computationally inexpensive QUEST algorithm [4]. We have demonstrated that QUEST gives comparable results to full plasma fluid simulations both during and long after the discharge has terminated. Using QUEST, the heat flow through the plasma-wall interface was simulated for discharge current conditions relevant to the FLASHForward experiment [2], operated at kHz-MHz repetition rates. The model showed that 1 kHz and 10 kHz repetition rates could be sustained indefinitely, but that 100 kHz and MHz rates quickly exceeded the sapphire capillary melting point. By reducing the pulse length and amplitude, MHz repetition rates can feasibly be sustained while providing plasma conditions suitable for accelerator applications.

Abstract:

Electron beams to be accelerated in beam-driven plasma wakes are commonly formed by a photocathode and externally injected into the wakefield of a preceding bunch. Alternatively, using the plasma itself as a cathode offers the possibility of generating ultrashort, low-emittance beams by trapping and accelerating electrons from the ambient plasma background. Here, we present a beam-driven plasma cathode realized via laser-triggered density-downramp injection, showing stable beam formation over more than a thousand consecutive events with an injection probability of 95%. The plasma cathode is highly tunable, resulting in the injection of electron bunches of tens of pC of charge, energies of up to 79 MeV, and relative energy spreads as low as a few percent. The stability of the injected beams was sufficiently high to experimentally determine their normalized emittance of 9.3 μm rms with a multishot method.

Abstract:

Radiation reaction is the recoil of a charge upon emitting radiation. This effect is expected to play a significant role in the dynamics of charges, particularly electrons, and the radiation they produce in strong-field environments. Of particular interest are environments in which the electric field strength approaches the Schwinger field, E_sch=(m_e^2 c^3)/eℏ=1.38×10^16 Vcm^-1 defined as the field strength which can induce electron-positron pair production from vacuum. Electric field strengths approaching the Schwinger field may be generated by astrophysical bodies, such as pulsars and quasars. In such environments, classical theories of radiation reaction are expected to break down. Thus, a quantum description of radiation reaction is needed to accurately model radiation generation and other related processes such as pair production in these environments. The subject of this thesis is an experiment, conducted at the Central Laser Facility in 2021, the aim of which was to measure radiation reaction. The experiment utilised an all-optical set-up in which an energetic electron beam (peak energy ≈1 GeV) generated by a wakefield accelerator collided with a tightly focussed, counter-propagating laser pulse. In this thesis, I introduce and discuss a Bayesian analysis procedure which I have developed. This allows the post-collision electron spectrum and the spectrum of gamma radiation emitted during the col- lision to be used to quantitatively compare different models of radiation reaction, whilst also retrieving information concerning the collision conditions which could not be measured during the experiment. We find evidence of radiation reaction to 8σ, the highest degree of significance of any all-optical experi- ment to date. Using the Bayesian framework, we find that a quantum model of radiation reaction is more consistent with the spectrum of emitted radiation and the electron energy loss measured experimentally than a classical or a semiclassical model.Open Acces

Abstract:

A model describing the evolution of the average plasma temperature inside a discharge capillary device including Ohmic heating, heat loss to the capillary wall, and ionization and recombination effects is developed. Key to this approach is an analytic quasistatic description of the radial temperature variation which, under local thermal equilibrium conditions, allows the radial behavior of both the plasma temperature and the electron density to be specified directly from the average temperature evolution. In this way, the standard set of coupled partial differential equations for magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations is replaced by a single ordinary differential equation, with a corresponding gain in simplicity and computational efficiency. The on-axis plasma temperature and electron density calculations are benchmarked against existing one-dimensional MHD simulations for hydrogen plasmas under a range of discharge conditions and initial gas pressures, and good agreement is demonstrated. The success of this simple model indicates that it can serve as a quick and easy tool for evaluating the plasma conditions in discharge capillary devices, particularly for computationally expensive applications such as simulating long-term plasma evolution, performing detailed input parameter scans, or for optimization using machine-learning techniques.

Abstract:

Reinforcement Learning algorithms have risen in popularity in recent years in the accelerator physics community, showing potential in beam control and in the optimization and automation of tasks in accelerator operation. The Helmholtz AI project "Machine Learning toward Autonomous Accelerators" is a collaboration between DESY and KIT that works on investigating and developing RL applications for the automatic start-up of electron linear accelerators. The work is carried out in parallel at two similar research accelerators: ARES at DESY and FLUTE at KIT, giving the unique opportunity of transfer learning between facilities. One of the first steps of this project is the establishment of a common interface between the simulations and the machine, in order to test and apply various optimization approaches interchangeably between the two accelerators. In this paper we present the first results on the common interface and its application to beam focusing in ARES, and the idea of laser shaping with spatial light modulators at FLUTE