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Abstract:

In the solar-neighbourhood, older stars have larger random velocities than younger ones. It is argued that the increase in velocity dispersion with time is predominantly a gradual process rather than one induced by discrete events such as minor mergers. Ephemeral spiral arms seem to be the fundamental drivers of disk heating, although scattering by giant molecular clouds plays an important moderating role. In addition to heating the disk, spiral arms cause stars' guiding centres to diffuse radially. The speed of this diffusion is currently controversial. Data from the Hipparcos satellite has made it clear that the Galaxy is by no means in a steady state. This development enormously increases the complexity of the models required to account for the data. There are preliminary indications that we see in the local phase-space distribution the dynamical footprints of long-dissolved spiral waves.

Abstract:

An energetic argument implies that a galaxy like the Milky Way is blowing a powerful wind that carries away most of the heavy elements currently synthesized and has impacted the IGM out to at least 180 kpc. Rich clusters of galaxies appear to be closed systems in which most heavy elements are ejected from galaxies. More supernovae are required than the yield of core-collapse SNe from a Salpeter IMF. X-ray observations imply that the IGM in groups and clusters as been strongly preheated. SNe probably cannot supply the required energy, which must come from AGN.

Abstract:

We generalize to elliptical models an argument introduced by Gould, which connects the microlensing optical depth toward the Galactic bulge to the Galactic rotation curve. When applied to the latest value from the MACHO collaboration for the optical depth for microlensing of bulge sources, the argument implies that even a barred Galactic model cannot plausibly reconcile the measured values of the optical depth, the rotation curve, and the local mass density. Either there is a problem with the interpretation of the microlensing data or our line of sight to the Galactic center is highly atypical in that it passes through a massive structure with small solid angle as seen from the Galactic center.

Abstract:

The Milky Way's satellites provide unique information about the density of the Galactic halo at large radii. The inclusion of even a few rather inaccurate proper motions resolves an ambiguity in older mass estimates in favour of higher values. Many of the satellites are concentrated into streams. The dynamics of the Magellanic Stream provided an early indication that the halo reaches out to beyond 100 kpc. Tidal forces between the Clouds are currently disturbing the Clouds' internal dynamics. One would expect this damage to worsen rapidly as the tidal field of the MW excites the eccentricity of the Clouds' mutual orbit. This process, which has yet to be completely modelled, is important for understanding the degree of self-lensing in searches for gravitational lensing events. The Sagittarius Dwarf galaxy very likely contributes significantly to the Galactic warp. The direction of the warp's line of nodes is incorrectly predicted by the simplest models of the Dwarf's orbit. More sophisticated models, in which a complex distribution of stripped dark matter is predicted, may be more successful.

Abstract:

An extension of Schwarzschild's galaxy-building technique is presented that enables one to build Schwarzschild models with known distribution functions (DFs). The new extension makes it possible to combine a DF that depends only on classical integrals with orbits that respect non-classical integrals. With such a combination, Schwarzschild's orbits are used only to represent the difference between the true galaxy DF and an approximating classical DF. The new method is used to construct a dynamical model of the inner Galaxy. The model is based on an orbit library that contains 22 168 regular orbits. The model aims to reproduce the three-dimensional mass density of Binney, Gerhard & Spergel, which was obtained through deprojection of the COBE surface photometry, and to reproduce the observed kinematics in three windows - namely Baade's Window with (l, b) = (10, -40) and two off-axis fields at (80, 70) and (120, 30). The viewing angle is assumed to be 200 the long axis of the bar and the pattern speed is taken to be 60km s^-1 kpc^-1. The model fits essentially all the available data within the innermost 3 kpc. The axial ratio and the morphology of the projected density contours of the COBE bar are recovered to excellent accuracy within corotation. The kinematic quantities - the line-of-sight streaming velocity and velocity dispersion, as well as the proper motions when available - are recovered, not merely for the fitted fields at (10, -40) and (80, 70), but also for three new fields at (80.4, -60), (10.21, -10.67) and (-10.14, 10.81). The dynamical model deviates most from the input density close to the Galactic plane just outside corotation, where the deprojection of the surface photometry is suspect. The dynamical model does not reproduce the kinematics at the most distant window, (120, 30), where disc contamination of the data may be severe. Maps of microlensing optical depth are presented both for randomly chosen stars and for stars that belong to individual components within the model. While the optical depth to a randomly chosen star in Baade's Window is half what measurements imply, the optical depth to stars in a particular component can be as high as the measured values. The contributions to the optical depth towards randomly chosen stars from lenses in different components are also given.